Широкий вплив вилучення кукурудзиння і пшеничної соломи для виробництва біопалива на продуктивність культур, здоров’я ґрунту і викиди парникових газів – огляд
Ключові слова:
біоекономіка, біоенергетика, адаптація до кліматичних змін, урожайність сільськогосподарських культур, природні ресурси, екологічна стійкість, пом’якшення викидів парникових газів, кругообіг поживних речовин, пожнивні залишки, здоров’я ґрунтуАнотація
Виробництво біопалива з пожнивних решток є загальновизнаним важливим компонентом розвитку біоекономіки, проте вилучення пожнивних залишків все ще викликає багато питань щодо стійкості сільськогосподарської системи. Тому в цьому дослідженні розглядається вилучення пожнивних рослинних залишків для виробництва біопалива з точки зору рослинництва, стану ґрунту й вивільнення парникових газів. У переважній більшості досліджень наведено мало доказів того, що управління залишками має довгостроковий вплив на врожайність зерна, за умови, якщо доступна волога не обмежена. В роки, коли волога не була обмежуючим фактором, у більшості досліджень при вилученні залишків кукурудзи й пшениці ≥ 90%, врожайність зерна була подібною або вищою, ніж без вилучення. І навпаки, у деяких дослідженнях, коли волога була обмеженою, урожайність зерна кукурудзи знижувалася до 21% із видаленням залишків ≥ 90%. Зміни в органічних фракціях ґрунту й балансі поживних речовин залежали, значною мірою, від кількості повернутих залишків, текстури й шару ґрунту, ухилу поля й способу обробітку ґрунту. Зменшення вмісту органічних фракцій відбувалось переважно при повному видаленні залишків, у шарі 15–30 см, у ґрунтах з дрібною текстурою. Ерозія ґрунту, стікання води й вимивання поживних речовин, таких як загальний азот (N) і екстрагований калій, зменшуються, коли видаляється не більше 30% пожнивних залишків. Вплив управління пожнивними залишками на насипну щільність ґрунту значно варіював залежно від шару ґрунту, управління залишками та системи обробітку ґрунту, з коефіцієнтом вилучення залишків менше 50%, що допомагає підтримувати агрегатну стійкість ґрунту. Зниження потоків CO2 і N2O, як правило, відбувалося після повного вилучення залишків. Повернення пшеничної соломи, як правило, збільшувало викиди CH4, а викиди CO2 і N2O були максимальними при поверненні пшеничної соломи в кількості 8 тон на гектар, незалежно від норми внесення N. Тому перед використанням рослинних залишків для виробництва біопалива слід завжди перевіряти, чи можна підтримувати нейтральну або позитивну стійкість в умовах конкретних ділянок.
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