Фітопаразитичні нематоди ризосфери міскантусу гігантського (Miscanthus × giganteus): фітосанітарні ризики та засади інтегрованого захисту насаджень від нематодозів
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47414/be.2025.No2.pp74-90Ключові слова:
міскантус гігантський, фітонематоди, видовий склад, шкідливість, пороги шкідливості, моніторинг, система інтегрованого захисту рослинАнотація
Мета. Провести комплексний аналіз сучасних наукових досліджень щодо поширеності, видового складу та шкідливості фітонематод у насадженнях міскантусу гігантського для оцінки фітосанітарних ризиків та обґрунтування стратегії інтегрованого захисту культури від ураження її нематодозами в Україні. Методи. Пошук наукових публікацій в електронних базах даних і на бібліографічних платформах Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, CAB Abstracts, AGRIS (FAO) та Google Scholar. Результати. За результатами моніторингових досліджень, проведених у США, Україні та Польщі, у ризосфері міскантусу гігантського (Miscanthus × giganteus) виявлено комплекс фітопаразитичних нематод, який включає представників родів Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, Longidorus, Paratrichodorus, Тrichodorus, Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Criconemella, Amplimerlinius та Paratylenchus. Установлено, що ектопаразитичні види родів Xiphinema, Longidorus, Trichodorus і Paratrichodorus становлять значну фітосанітарну загрозу як вектори патогенних фітовірусів. Доведено, що паразитування фітонематод ряду Tylenchida пригнічує основні фізіологічні процеси в рослинному організмі, що істотно знижує вихід сухої біомаси, а також створює сприятливі умови для проникнення всередину збудників грибних хвороб. Обґрунтовано необхідність впровадження обов’язкового передсадивного аналізу ґрунту та регулярного моніторингу нематодних угруповань у ризосфері міскантусу протягом усього періоду експлуатації плантацій. Запропоновано інтегровану систему захисту насаджень міскантусу від нематодозів. Висновки. Для підвищення ефективності вирощування міскантусу M. × giganteus в Україні необхідним є проведення системних досліджень комплексу фітопаразитичних нематод у його ризосфері. Ключовою передумовою ефективного управління нематодними ризиками у насадженнях міскантусу є передсадивний моніторинг, який дасть змогу своєчасно виявити економічно значущі види фітонематод, оцінити структуру їхніх угруповань та встановити щільність їхніх популяцій. На основі результатів цих дослідження будуть розроблені стратегії інтегрованого захисту міскантусу від ураження його нематодозами, у яких пріоритет надаватиметься профілактичним, агротехнічним та біологічним заходам, а також системному контролю нематодних угрупувань впродовж усього періоду експлуатації плантацій.
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